Personally I would have started by removing the Valve Cover and looking for those broken Cam bearing Towers or other damage up top.

Assuming the Timing Chain was still on the gear teeth I would have rotated the Engine in the direction of normal rotation and lined up the timing marks behind the Camshaft Gear and on the first bearing tower and then looked down at the what degree marks the pointer is pointing to.

What info I got from that would help me decide what to do next.

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84 300D, 82 Volvo 244Gl Diesel