Driveline vibration: What does it feel like?
 

Question in title. What should I expect to look out for? Could a noise like a bad CV joint create a similar feel?

it's all in WHERE you feel the vibration, and WHAT the car is doing at the time of the vibration.

if the vibration is only on acceleration, then it could be diff, center u-joint, motor mounts, etc.
if it's anytime the vehicle is moving at all, it could be wheel bearings, center u-joint, axles (although, unlikely, because the axles generally load up, and clunk, but you get the idea), tires, flex discs (although they won't generally give any signs until they fail...), etc.
if you feel it in the steering wheel, it's generally associated with the wheels, tires, bearings, etc.
if you feel it in the accelerator pedal, it could be the engine, the transmission or something in the drive shaft.
if you hear it towards the center of the car, but can't feel it, it's usually tires, or road noise.

just fixed a drievline vibration in an '85TD, it got very noticeable at about 50mph. it was the driveshaft support, the rubber was badly torn so the driveshaft was free to spin off axis and this made a very pronounced low frequency vibration that had a harmonic to it. very nasty, but not terribly difficult or expensive to repair.