I would say probably not, that is a gasser. Gearing will probably be different, probably other things.

Not only is the 380 a gasser, it is a V8. The trans will not bolt up.
The trans from the '77 240D will bolt up, and was used with the 617.
It is a 722.1xx.

If you are now looking for a replacement transmission you need a 722.315

See these links as an example (this is not a recommendation from me for either option I don't know either seller although the first link has a good name - and bloody well should do for that kind of money!)

1961 1996 Mercedes Benz Transmission w Torque Converter Rebuilt | eBay

Mercedes Benz Rebuilt Automatic Transmission 722 315 | eBay

You might also look for a 722.4xx. They were used on 1985 300D/SD/TD, at least the CA models and on later cars. I think the only mod to your car would be to change the NSS connector, but I think there are posts on that. I see 1985's in the junkyards here regularly. Easy to tell in CA because the air cleaner is different. If you hit PickNPull on a 1/2-off day it might cost $150.

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