It basically goes from the end of the transmsission to inside the car through the firewall... what is it? and where does it go?

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Speedo cable? That's the only cable I can think of with the manual transmission. There should be a screw on collar flopping around down around the firewall.

do you know where abouts by the firewall like closer up top by the speedometer or down low?

It's a ring-type nut which fits around the cable. They usually slide down the cable against the firewall. It's probably stuck between the firewall and the soundproofing/carpet. Follow the cable and you should find it.

i think the whole cable just came off, where does it connect to? Like by the steering column or directly to the cluster, does it go up or down. It comes from the tranny through the firewall and then where does the other end go?

What are you working on? What year and body style? It makes a difference on how the cluster comes out and possibly how the speedo cable is attached to the head unit.

1962 190c 4cyl 4 speed