overfueling protection .. thing.. in the first pic

to check the turbo for shaft play and ease of spin make sure the car is off and engine cool

put your hand in the turno inlet if you can after removing the u-tube..

spin the wheel and see if it spins with ease..

the next test is use your thumb or finger see if you can move the wheel forward and back or up and down


also the second pic i have no idea what that is.. my 85 300D-T has it too.. i have a triple k turbo what do you have

also you might want to get the kit to remove the EGR it makes everything look clean and if your egr was stuck open the blocked vacuum line wont do a thing