I’m with BAVBMW on this one.

The only thing in/on/around/part of/linked to etc. to all the things you had go off line at one time is a simple belt or two. Not sure on the E320, but if it has a single serpentine belt, it would take all those components you listed off line if it broke. Or, if you have multiple belts, one could have broken and taken another (or two) out with it when it did.
I’ve experienced both scenarios on various cars/trucks more than once.

Unless you cooked the motor when you let it get hot. No big deal. Replace the belt(s).

Edit: And check the coolant level before you start it back up again.

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1980 300D - Veggie Burner !