Answer

Valve adjustment OM615, 616, 617 FYI.
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?t=107729

* Air entering the fuel system/contaminated fuel, partially plugged filters.
Fuel Delivery:
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?t=142399

* Diesel Injector issue.
Injector + Heat shield + Nozzle, Prechamber + Collar and Nailing. LINK THREAD
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?t=211750

* Diesel Injection Pump Timing issue.
Diesel Injection:
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?t=142405

* Fuel pressure relief valve, and/or the lift pump valvae are bad.

Fastlane: REBUILD KIT, DIESEL LIFT PUMP/FUEL PUMP, DOES NOT INCLUDE THE LARGE PLUNGER SPRING OR LARGE PLUNGER COVER SEAL RING, APPLICATION: OM616.912, OM617, 910, 912, 950, 951, 952
http://catalog.peachparts.com/item.wws?sku=0000900210
pictures on install are here.
OM617.951 and .952 Lift pump Repair kit W126.120 300SD W123.133 300D
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?p=1461282

Fuel injection pump starvation with good a good lift pump
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?p=2133911

Fuel pressure relief valve adjustment
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?t=234609

lift pump test
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?t=277893

fuel pressure
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?p=2156755