No, disconnecting the battery will not trigger the CEL (in fact it will clear it if it is on).

It's the same result as hooking up your OBD-II reader and clearing codes. Either one leaves the system in an "unready" state. If you do a good mix of driving, the systems should be reset in anywhere from a couple of days to a week.

The disconnect/code clear will cause the systems to go into "not ready". (They should all be "ready" right now.)

If you're interested, after you reconnect the battery and start the car, plug in your code reader and parse the menus. Depending on the reader and display, it should reflect the systems that are "not ready"; check the reader manual on that. Then you can check it again after a couple of days and see which ones still aren't "ready".

After all of this discussion, after you finish the brake job you'll think, "man, that was a piece of cake."