Thanks for the awesome feedback.
Yep. Definitely not a perfect video on the methods.

1- Later I pulled my bolt out as it was leaking & it uses the two o-rings. I had some on hand so I replaced them.
2- I thought it was odd that the replacement filter wasn't transparent either. It's the Mercedes Benz part though (came from Peach Parts and I bought the Mercedes Benz branded one; it even has the Mercedes symbol on the side).
3- On flow...I'll double-check the fuel lines
4- Yep. Should've run the primer pump again.
4- I really think this engine is newer than 1980. It's definitely not original.
- The oil separator is on it, the EGR is on it (but disabled), and there's just other things all over it that indicate it's not an '80 engine.
If I pull the engine code, is there somewhere I can find out which year it is?
5- Yep. Kerosene not the greatest.

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1980 240D (Mileage Unknown, broken odo say's 160K)
1985 300SD (213K) SOLD