Actually, 1.9 IDI vw engines have a dual stage pintle / poppet injector. You'll see people talking about them here from time to time, the engine code was AAZ.

Prechambers also helped reduce some emissions compared to early DI systems. Of course computer controls make modern DI diesels **much** cleaner than old prechamber systems.

-J

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1991 350SDL. 230,000 miles (new motor @ 150,000). Blown head gasket

Tesla Model 3. 205,000 miles. Been to 48 states!
Past: A fleet of VW TDIs.... including a V10,a Dieselgate Passat, and 2 ECOdiesels.
2014 Cadillac ELR
2013 Fiat 500E.