About the only thing that's going to drag the alternator/battery down hard enough to even attempt to stall the engine is a short circuit somewhere. If you were under way and the alternator loaded up, I'd expect the engine to have enough power to snap the belt or at least smoke it without stalling out. Easy enough to test - Remove the alternator belt and see if the engine still squeals and stalls.

Given the rag shown in the other thread, I'd be inclined to suspect oil starvation. With all the fluff and debris that came from that rag, I'd suspect you've got a clogged oil pump intake strainer at the very least. It would be very surprising to have that in there and not have some sort of major side effect, especially considering that the valve train split the rag between 2 lobes.

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Current stable:
1995 E320 157K (Nancy)
1983 500SL 125K (SLoL)

Gone but not forgotten:
1986 300SDL (RIP)
1991 350SD
1991 560SEL
1990 560SEL
1986 500SEL Euro (Rusted to nothing at 47K!)

Gone and wanting to forget:
1985 524TD 167K (TotalDumpster™) [Definitely NOT a Benz]