OK, I love threads like this!

My approach in a case like this is exactly what Junkman said. Begin with what you see and know to be wrong, and fix that.

Smoke after the "new" injectors: Sounds like this was a DIY job? Did you use a test stand to set the injector opening pressures? If you did not, you need to get the injectors calibrated to make sure they are set correctly for your car. If you don't want to invest in the test stand or make your own, find a local Bosch service shop that does diesel injectors, they will probably charge you $20 or so per injector to test and set the pressures.

The valve that you can't adjust properly is REALLY concerning to me, combined with the intermittent "clunk" noise in the video at about 6s and 2m:22s. I would not drive the car until that is fixed, this should be your highest priority.

On your injection pump, I see a white knurled knob for the priming pump. Replace that with a new Bosch primer pump, which is a small black cylinder, costs about $25 or so? Been a long time since I did that job. The original white primer pumps have a very bad reputation for allowing air to leak in and fuel to leak out and let the injection pump lose its prime which makes the car very hard to start and may lead to other issues, like poor running.

__________________
Respectfully,
/s/
M. Dillon
'87 124.193 (300TD) "White Whale", ~392k miles, 3.5l IP fitted
'95 124.131 (E300) "Sapphire", 380k miles
'73 Balboa 20 "Sanctification"
Charleston SC