Detailed trouble code descriptions give information as to what the computer is seeing that it does not like. This is critical in forming a diagnostic strategy. Also, some trouble codes are caused by a failure of a part not listed in the trouble code.
I'll use a coolant temp sensor as an example ( I'm not saying that this is what is wrong with your car. )
Here are 7 generic OBD2 trouble codes related to the coolant temp sensor. Not all codes are used on every car.
Quote:
P0115 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor Circuit 1 Malfunction
P0116 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor Circuit 1 Range/Performance Problem
P0117 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor Circuit 1 Low Input
P0118 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor Circuit 1 High Input
P0119 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor Circuit 1 Intermittent
P011A Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor 1/2 Correlation
P011B Engine Coolant Temperature/Intake Air Temperature Correlation
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P0116 could be caused by a stuck open thermostat or low coolant.
P0117 could be caused by the sensing wire being pinched to ground
P0118 could be caused by the sensing wire being broken , tied to power or bad plug contact.
P011B could be caused by an intake air sensor problem or someone leaving a trouble light next to the battery to keep it warm ( if the intake air temp sensor / intake duct is near by it will see a temp above engine temp. )
Somewhere in a factory shop manual there will be a detailed code description. This gives clues as what to test to perform. For coolant temp I'd be hanging a volt meter or scope on the coolant temp sensor wire and watching it.