Obscure test? If it smokes like you describe from start up. To verify it is or is not coolant. I might consider draining the coolant and starting the engine. Safe to run it a minute.

There is also a failure of the head gasket typical on these engines. Between the oil passage feed to the head and the number one cylinder. I could see this producing smoke but not additional noise. Simple test is to remove the number one injector and see if oil gets blown out on cranking the engine.

You kind of added stress to the situation when you punched the throttle. I cannot see a batch of injectors all of a sudden failing. I could be wrong of course.

To me the increase in engine noise is the unexpected component. I do not think the engine could jump timing. But if it did could light valve contact with the pistons be the noise? Cam and damper marks are not hard to check. I just had been thinking that any leakage to the cylinders Especially where you got a drop in testing the individual cylinders by disconnecting their individual fuel feeds. Plus the excessive noise did not stop. During any individual test. Could not produce this abnormal noise from the engines suspected head issues.

After I was wrong about the black primary fuel filter. I live in an igloo in eastern Canada and none of my pre filters have ever looked other than fairly clear. I almost felt that I owed you one. As a Canadian I have to say something of a sterio type thing as in general I do not drink beer. As a result I am fighting deportation.

You can jump one tooth with a lightly stretched timing chain and will get no noise. All bets are off with an old stretched timing chain if it jumps off one tooth. This is an attempt to give some rational to the possibility. I may be wrong twice.