Cazzzidy,

The bent part near the cam is only a bracket that the valve bolts to. Will not affect engine performance.

The extra part is the primary filter. It goes between the end of the fuel line and the fuel pump. There will be another hose connector on the fuel line or the fuel pump that connects to the bare nipple on the filter.

I think you are due for a IP test and repair or rebuild. Take the IP to a Diesel injection shop where it can be tested and repaired.