Is there a way to check my injector pump before I put it back on my motor? I would like to know if it is in good shape before that.

Not really, especially considering that the main problem is leaky seals.

You have to take it to a shop and have it bench tested. There is no way to test it at home.

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Will I hurt anything if I just put it on and see if it works?

So what's "anything"? I don't see what's so special about putting a previously working ip back on a motor. I would not even be wondering whether it would work, why would it stop suddenly?

No, this one was sitting outside. For how long I dont know.

Before you try to start an Engine with a Fuel Injection Pump that has sat a long time look up "Runaway Diesel or Runaway Engine" and learn an be prepared to stop the Engine in the event that the Fuel Rack Inside of the Fuel Injection Pump Sticks and the Engine Runs away on you.

If it is an IP with a hand primer you can use that to flush out the low pressure part of the IP with clean Diesel Fuel.

Ounce it is back on the Engine and you have primed the low pressure part of the IP system with the Hand Primer; without connecting up the Fuel Injection Hard Lines throw a Clean Rag over the top of the Fuel Injection Pump and crank the Engine until enough fue spurts out that you feel it has flushed any dirt or water out. (Do not put your hands or any part of your Body over the IP fuel outles or it will injec into you if you block them.)

Blow out the Fuel Injection Lines with compressed Air. Hook up the lines but do not tighten the nuts completely at the Injectors; crank until Fuel comes out of all and tighten the nuts and prepare to start.

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84 300D, 82 Volvo 244Gl Diesel

I have always avoided using a used injection pump if it has been sitting around pretty dry for a long period of time. Also depends on the storage conditions as well.. I much rather preffer pulling a used one off an engine myself so generally it has been sitting full of fuel.

I guess about all you can do is try it and hope for the best.It may be just fine.

I can think of no home test other than to make sure you can get one rotation of the pump shaft. This may only verify the element pistons are not frozen with rust in their bores. This depends if the pump has sit for years with no fuel in it where the humidity is substantial I suppose.

Since your pump was sitting for a while, I'd use the primer pump to pump some biodiesel thought it.

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The pump does not have the primer pump, it is from a 1984 190D.

Read this first...

Run away diesel, why does it happen?
http://www.peachparts.com/shopforum/showthread.php?t=101404

I made the comment because I worked in a Fuel Injection Shop where they sold a Fuel Injection Pump that had sat on the shelf for 5 years.
When it was installed the Engine ran away.

The determined cause was that the lube oil in the IP had dried up and stuck the Fuel Rack in the full Fuel position.

So I am guessing that same can happen to an IP that was full of old used Lube Oil.
And, in fact If the IP was out side some inside parts could rust due to condensation and the acid in the lube oil.

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84 300D, 82 Volvo 244Gl Diesel