1. Depends on year - your car may not have one but if you know it does well...

2. Check your accelerator linkages are adjusted so full pedal moves the IP lever down all the way

3. Yes

4. Shouldn't be any coming from the oil pump quill shaft, that seal should be tight, is there oil or fuel sitting where the bubbles are?

5. Could be the gauge or the sensor, try shorting out the plug that connects to the sensor on the cylinder head near the glow plugs. The gauge should max out.

As for the LS, eww

__________________
1978 300D, 373,000km 617.912, 711.113 5 speed, 7.5mm superpump, HX30W turbo...many, many years in the making....
1977 280> 300D - 500,000km+ (to be sold...)
1984 240TD>300TD 121,000 miles, *gone*
1977 250 parts car
1988 Toyota Corona 2.0D *gone*
1975 FJ45>HJ45
1981 200>240D (to be sold...)
1999 Hyundai Lantra 1.6 *gone*
1980s Lansing Bagnall FOER 5.2 Forklift (the Mk2 engine hoist)
2001 Holden Rodeo 4JB1T 2WD